UNESCO Heritage Site of India-Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi: Complete Tourist Information

Location: Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India

UNESCO World Heritage Site: Inscribed in 1989

Overview

The Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, located in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India, are among the most well-preserved and important Buddhist sites in the world. The complex features stupas, monasteries, temples, and pillars, with the most significant being the Great Stupa (Stupa No. 1). Sanchi is notable for its magnificent stone structures that date from the 3rd century BCE to the 12th century CE, reflecting the evolution of Indian architecture and art.

Historical Background

  • Foundation: The site of Sanchi was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka, a great patron of Buddhism, in the 3rd century BCE. Ashoka’s wife, Devi, was from nearby Vidisha, and it is believed that this connection led to the establishment of Sanchi as a major Buddhist center.
  • Development: Over the centuries, Sanchi developed into a major hub for Buddhist learning and pilgrimage, with successive rulers adding to its architectural and artistic richness. The site includes contributions from the Maurya, Shunga, Satavahana, Gupta, and later dynasties.
  • Rediscovery: Sanchi was largely abandoned and forgotten until it was rediscovered by British officers in the early 19th century, particularly General Taylor in 1818.

Major Attractions at Sanchi

  1. The Great Stupa (Stupa No. 1):
    • Architecture: The Great Stupa is the most iconic monument at Sanchi. It is a massive hemispherical dome that contains relics of the Buddha. The stupa is encircled by a stone railing and crowned by a chhatra (umbrella) symbolizing high rank.
    • Toranas (Gateways): Four elaborately carved gateways, facing the cardinal directions, are the highlights of the Great Stupa. These gateways are adorned with intricate carvings depicting various scenes from the life of Buddha, Jataka tales, and events from Ashoka’s reign.
    • Harmika: The square railing on top of the dome, symbolizing the realm of the gods.
    • Anda: The solid dome symbolizing the universe.
  2. Stupa No. 2:
    • Location: Situated on the lower level of the Sanchi hill, Stupa No. 2 is smaller than the Great Stupa but notable for its unique decorative balustrade and medallions, which are among the earliest examples of narrative art in India.
    • Depictions: The carvings on this stupa include various motifs like lotus, animals, and mythical creatures, as well as scenes from the life of Buddha.
  3. Stupa No. 3:
    • Structure: Similar in design to Stupa No. 1, though smaller, this stupa also contains relics of two of Buddha’s chief disciples, Sariputra and Mahamoggallana.
    • Toranas: It has one gateway that is as richly carved as those of the Great Stupa.
  4. Ashoka Pillar:
    • Description: A finely polished sandstone pillar erected by Emperor Ashoka, it features inscriptions and a four-lion capital, similar to the one at Sarnath that became the national emblem of India. The capital, however, is displayed in the Sanchi Museum.
    • Significance: The pillar symbolizes the spread of Buddhism and the moral values promoted by Ashoka.
  5. The Eastern Gateway:
    • Iconography: The gateway is adorned with depictions of the Buddha in symbolic form (such as a tree, wheel, or footprints) rather than human form, as was the practice in early Buddhist art. It narrates scenes from Buddha’s life and the miracles he performed.
  6. Monasteries and Temples:
    • Monastery 51: One of the best-preserved monasteries, featuring a central courtyard surrounded by cells where monks lived.
    • Temple 17: An example of early Gupta architecture, this small temple is simple yet elegant, representing one of the earliest forms of structural temple architecture in India.
    • Temple 40: The oldest structure at Sanchi, dating back to the 3rd century BCE, with subsequent additions during the Gupta period.
  7. Sanchi Museum:
    • Exhibits: The museum houses a collection of artifacts found at Sanchi, including sculptures, inscriptions, and the original Ashoka pillar capital.
    • Importance: It provides a deeper understanding of the history and significance of Sanchi through various displays and exhibits.

Visiting Information

  • Timings: The Sanchi complex is open daily from 6:30 AM to 6:30 PM.
  • Entry Fees:
    • Indian Citizens: ₹40 per person
    • Foreign Tourists: ₹600 per person
    • Children below 15 years: Free entry
  • Photography: Allowed, but drone usage is prohibited.
  • Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit Sanchi is from November to March, when the weather is cool and comfortable.
  • Guides: Local guides are available and highly recommended for a detailed understanding of the monuments and their historical context.

How to Reach Sanchi

  • By Air: The nearest airport is Raja Bhoj Airport in Bhopal, about 55 kilometers away. Bhopal is well-connected to major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Indore.
  • By Train: The nearest railway station is Sanchi Railway Station, but Bhopal Junction is the main railhead, with regular train services from across the country.
  • By Road: Sanchi is well-connected by road, with frequent buses and taxis available from Bhopal and other nearby towns.

Nearby Attractions

  • Udayagiri Caves: Located about 13 kilometers from Sanchi, these rock-cut caves feature Hindu and Jain sculptures from the Gupta period, including the famous Varaha (boar) incarnation of Vishnu.
  • Vidisha: A historic town near Sanchi, known for its ancient temples, sculptures, and the Bijamandal Mosque, which was built on the ruins of a Hindu temple.
  • Bhojpur: Home to the unfinished Bhojeshwar Temple, which houses one of the largest Shiva lingams in India, about 70 kilometers from Sanchi.
  • Bhimbetka Rock Shelters: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, located about 45 kilometers from Bhopal, Bhimbetka features prehistoric rock paintings dating back to the Paleolithic era.

Tips for Visitors

  • Wear Comfortable Clothing: Light, breathable clothing and comfortable shoes are recommended as the site involves a lot of walking and exploring.
  • Carry Water: Stay hydrated, especially if visiting during warmer months.
  • Respect the Monuments: Avoid touching or defacing the ancient carvings and structures.
  • Early Visit Recommended: To avoid the midday heat and crowds, try to visit early in the morning.
  • Exploring Nearby Sites: Consider visiting nearby attractions like Udayagiri Caves and Vidisha to get a broader perspective on the region’s historical significance.

Conclusion

The Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi are not just an architectural marvel but also a profound symbol of the Buddhist heritage in India. A visit to Sanchi provides a unique opportunity to explore the rich history, art, and spirituality that flourished here over centuries. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a Buddhist pilgrim, or simply a traveler seeking inspiration, Sanchi offers a timeless journey through India’s ancient past.