UNESCO Heritage Site Of India-Ellora Caves: Complete Tourist Information
Location: Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
UNESCO World Heritage Site: Inscribed in 1983
Overview
The Ellora Caves, located near Aurangabad in Maharashtra, India, are one of the largest rock-cut monastery-temple complexes in the world and a testament to the religious harmony that existed in ancient India. The site features 34 caves, carved into the basalt cliffs of the Charanandri hills, and showcases the architectural splendor of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. The caves were constructed between the 6th and 10th centuries and are renowned for their artistic mastery and spiritual significance.
Historical Background
- Date of Construction: The Ellora Caves were built over several centuries, with the earliest caves dating back to around 600 CE and the latest to around 1000 CE. The caves were created during the rule of various dynasties, including the Rashtrakutas and the Yadavas.
- Religious Significance: The caves are divided into three sections based on their religious affiliation: Buddhist (Caves 1-12), Hindu (Caves 13-29), and Jain (Caves 30-34). This makes Ellora a symbol of India’s ancient pluralistic culture, where different religions coexisted and thrived side by side.
- Architectural Marvel: The most famous structure at Ellora is the Kailasa temple (Cave 16), which is the largest monolithic rock excavation in the world. This temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is a masterpiece of Dravidian architecture and is considered one of the most remarkable cave temples in India.
Key Attractions in Ellora Caves
- Kailasa Temple (Cave 16):
- Monolithic Structure: The Kailasa temple is carved entirely out of a single rock and covers an area twice the size of the Parthenon in Athens. The temple is an extraordinary feat of engineering, involving the removal of 200,000 tons of rock.
- Architectural Details: The temple features a multi-storied gateway, a massive courtyard with intricately carved pillars, shrines, and galleries, as well as detailed sculptures depicting scenes from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and other Hindu epics.
- Central Shrine: The temple’s central shrine is dedicated to Lord Shiva and features a massive lingam, which is worshipped by devotees. The temple’s roof is carved to resemble Mount Kailash, the mythological abode of Shiva.
- Buddhist Caves (Caves 1-12):
- Viharas: The Buddhist caves at Ellora are mostly viharas (monasteries), with large multi-storied buildings that include living quarters, sleeping cells, kitchens, and prayer halls. These caves are adorned with intricately carved stupas, statues of Buddha, and detailed paintings (though many have faded over time).
- Cave 10 (Vishvakarma Cave): Also known as the “Carpenter’s Cave,” Cave 10 is one of the most famous Buddhist caves. It features a large chaitya (prayer hall) with a magnificent seated Buddha at the far end. The ceiling is carved to resemble wooden beams, showcasing the artisans’ craftsmanship.
- Cave 5: Notable for its large hall with rows of stone benches, possibly used for congregational prayers or teaching sessions.
- Hindu Caves (Caves 13-29):
- Cave 14 (Ravan ki Khai): This cave is famous for its sculptures depicting the Goddess Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura, as well as other deities like Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi.
- Cave 15 (Dashavatara Cave): This cave is known for its carvings of the ten avatars of Vishnu, especially the scene depicting the Varaha avatar lifting the Earth from the ocean.
- Cave 21 (Rameshvara Cave): Features beautiful carvings of river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna at the entrance, and exquisite panels depicting scenes from Hindu mythology inside.
- Cave 29 (Dhumar Lena): One of the largest Hindu caves, Cave 29 is dedicated to Lord Shiva and contains remarkable sculptures, including a massive carving of Shiva slaying the demon Andhaka.
- Jain Caves (Caves 30-34):
- Cave 32 (Indra Sabha): This is the most elaborate of the Jain caves, consisting of a two-storied shrine with intricately carved pillars, a large hall, and a central shrine with a statue of the Jain Tirthankara.
- Cave 31: A smaller cave, but notable for its detailed carvings of the Jain Tirthankaras and its simple yet elegant architecture.
- Cave 34: The last of the Jain caves, known for its beautifully sculpted figures and a large seated statue of Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara.
Visiting Information
- Timings: The Ellora Caves are open to visitors from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM every day except Tuesday, when the caves are closed to the public.
- Entry Fees: The entry fee for Indian citizens is INR 40, while for foreign nationals it is INR 600. Children under 15 years can enter for free. There may be additional charges for photography and videography.
- Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit Ellora is between November and February, when the weather is cool and pleasant. Summers (March to May) can be extremely hot, making it difficult to explore the site comfortably. Monsoons (June to September) bring heavy rains, which may hinder sightseeing but also bring a lush green environment around the caves.
How to Reach Ellora Caves
- By Air: The nearest airport is Aurangabad Airport, about 35 kilometers from Ellora. The airport is well-connected to major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Pune. From the airport, you can hire a taxi or take a bus to reach the caves.
- By Train: Aurangabad Railway Station is the closest railhead, about 30 kilometers from Ellora. Trains from Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, and other cities frequently serve Aurangabad.
- By Road: Ellora is well-connected by road to Aurangabad and other major cities in Maharashtra. State-run buses, private taxis, and auto-rickshaws are available from Aurangabad to Ellora.
Nearby Attractions
- Ajanta Caves: Located about 100 kilometers from Ellora, the Ajanta Caves are another UNESCO World Heritage site featuring exquisite rock-cut Buddhist caves with detailed frescoes and sculptures. A visit to Ajanta is often combined with a trip to Ellora.
- Daulatabad Fort: Situated around 15 kilometers from Ellora, this formidable hilltop fort is known for its strategic military design and historical significance.
- Grishneshwar Temple: Located near the Ellora Caves, this ancient temple is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas dedicated to Lord Shiva, attracting devotees from all over the country.
- Bibi Ka Maqbara: Often called the “Taj of the Deccan,” this tomb in Aurangabad is a striking replica of the Taj Mahal and was built by Emperor Aurangzeb in memory of his wife, Dilras Banu Begum.
- Panchakki: An ancient water mill in Aurangabad, known for its ingenious engineering and beautiful surroundings.
Tips for Visitors
- Wear Comfortable Shoes: Exploring the Ellora Caves involves a fair amount of walking and climbing, so comfortable shoes are a must.
- Carry Water and Snacks: There are limited facilities inside the cave complex, so it’s advisable to carry water, snacks, and sun protection.
- Guided Tours: Hiring a guide or using an audio guide can greatly enhance your understanding of the historical and religious significance of the caves.
- Respect the Heritage: The caves are a protected site, so visitors should refrain from touching the carvings or littering the area.
- Photography: Photography is allowed, but it’s important to be respectful and avoid using flash near the delicate sculptures.
Conclusion
The Ellora Caves are a stunning testament to India’s rich cultural and religious history, showcasing the architectural brilliance of ancient times. The caves provide a unique opportunity to witness the coexistence of different faiths and the artistic achievements of multiple dynasties. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or a spiritual seeker, the Ellora Caves offer an unforgettable experience that reflects the incredible diversity and depth of India’s heritage.