UNESCO Heritage Site Of India- Great Living Chola Temple: Complete Tourist Information​

Location: Tamil Nadu, India

UNESCO World Heritage Site: Inscribed in 1987, extended in 2004

Overview

The Great Living Chola Temples are a group of three monumental Hindu temples built during the Chola dynasty, which ruled Southern India between the 10th and 12th centuries. These temples are renowned for their architectural grandeur, intricate sculptures, and significant historical importance. The group consists of the Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, the Brihadeeswarar Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram, and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram. Collectively, they represent the pinnacle of South Indian temple architecture and the cultural achievements of the Chola Empire.

Historical Background

  • Chola Dynasty: The Cholas were one of the most powerful dynasties in South India, known for their military conquests, administrative prowess, and patronage of art and culture. The Great Living Chola Temples were constructed during the reigns of Raja Raja Chola I and his successors, marking the height of Chola architectural and artistic achievement.
  • Religious Significance: These temples are dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism. The temples were not only places of worship but also served as centers of economic and cultural activity, reflecting the Cholas’ devotion to Shiva and their emphasis on temple-building as a means of legitimizing their rule.

Key Attractions in the Great Living Chola Temples

  1. Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur:
    • Location: Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
    • Date of Construction: 1010 CE
    • Architectural Significance: The Brihadeeswarar Temple, also known as the “Big Temple,” is the most famous of the Chola temples and a masterpiece of Dravidian architecture. The temple is renowned for its towering vimana (temple tower), which rises to a height of 66 meters and is capped by a massive monolithic cupola. The temple’s construction using granite, a material not found locally, is a testament to the engineering skills of the Cholas.
    • Key Features: The temple features a huge Nandi (bull) statue, carved from a single piece of granite, and intricate frescoes depicting various episodes from the life of Lord Shiva. The walls are adorned with elaborate sculptures and inscriptions detailing the history and achievements of the Chola kings.
  2. Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram:
    • Location: Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Tamil Nadu
    • Date of Construction: 1035 CE
    • Architectural Significance: Built by Rajendra Chola I, the son of Raja Raja Chola I, this temple was intended to be a replica of the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur but with some distinct differences. The vimana here is slightly shorter but more ornate, reflecting the evolution of Chola architecture. The temple served as the imperial capital of the Chola dynasty during Rajendra Chola’s reign.
    • Key Features: The temple is known for its beautiful sculptures, including depictions of deities, mythological scenes, and intricate carvings on the outer walls. The sanctum houses a massive Shivalinga, which is one of the largest in India.
  3. Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram:
    • Location: Darasuram, near Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
    • Date of Construction: 12th century CE
    • Architectural Significance: The Airavatesvara Temple was built by Rajaraja Chola II and is smaller in scale compared to the other two temples but is considered a gem of Chola architecture due to its intricate carvings and exquisite details. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, who is worshipped here as Airavatesvara, the Lord of Airavata, Indra’s white elephant.
    • Key Features: The temple is famous for its elaborate stone carvings, including the depiction of stories from Hindu mythology, musical pillars that produce different sounds when struck, and the intricately designed chariot-shaped mandapa (hall). The temple complex also includes a sacred tank, known as the Periya Nayanar, used for ritual bathing.

Visiting Information

  • Timings: The temples are open to visitors from 6:00 AM to 12:30 PM and 4:00 PM to 8:30 PM daily. It is advisable to visit early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid the midday heat.
  • Entry Fees: Entry to the Great Living Chola Temples is free for all visitors. However, there may be additional charges for photography or videography.
  • Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit these temples is during the winter months, from October to March, when the weather is cooler and more pleasant for exploring the temple complexes.

How to Reach the Great Living Chola Temples

  • By Air: The nearest airport is Tiruchirappalli International Airport, approximately 55 kilometers from Thanjavur. The airport is well-connected to major cities like Chennai, Bangalore, and Mumbai. From the airport, you can hire a taxi to reach the temples.
  • By Train: Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, and Tiruchirappalli are the nearest railway stations. These stations are well-connected by train to major cities in Tamil Nadu and other parts of India. From the railway stations, you can hire a taxi or take a local bus to reach the temples.
  • By Road: The temples are well-connected by road to various cities in Tamil Nadu. State-run buses, private buses, and taxis are available from Chennai, Tiruchirappalli, and other nearby cities.

Nearby Attractions

  • Thanjavur Palace: Located in Thanjavur, the palace was built by the Nayaks and later expanded by the Marathas. It houses the Saraswathi Mahal Library, the Royal Museum, and an art gallery with a rich collection of Chola bronzes and other artifacts.
  • Swamimalai Temple: Situated near Kumbakonam, this temple is one of the six sacred abodes of Lord Murugan, the Hindu god of war. The temple is perched on a small hill and is known for its spiritual significance and architectural beauty.
  • Kumbakonam: A temple town near Darasuram, Kumbakonam is famous for its numerous temples dedicated to various Hindu deities, as well as the Mahamaham festival, which occurs once every 12 years and attracts thousands of pilgrims.

Tips for Visitors

  • Respect the Sanctity: These temples are active places of worship, so visitors should dress modestly and remove their shoes before entering the temple premises.
  • Hire a Guide: To fully appreciate the history and significance of the Chola temples, consider hiring a knowledgeable guide who can explain the intricate details of the architecture and sculptures.
  • Photography: While photography is allowed in most areas, be respectful of signs indicating where it is prohibited, especially inside the sanctum sanctorum.
  • Stay Hydrated: Tamil Nadu can be hot, especially during the day, so carry water with you and wear light, breathable clothing.

Conclusion

The Great Living Chola Temples are not just architectural masterpieces but also a testament to the cultural and artistic achievements of the Chola dynasty. These temples offer a unique opportunity to experience the grandeur of South Indian temple architecture, with their towering vimanas, intricate carvings, and spiritual ambiance. A visit to these temples is a journey back in time, providing insights into the history, religion, and art of one of India’s greatest empires.